Calling song maturity in two-spotted cricket, <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i> : its patterns and a possible physical explanation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Males of Gryllus bimaculatus (two-spotted cricket) emit acoustic signals by stridulating two forewings. One of their songs, calling song, plays a role in attracting females to mate, yet the significance of each song trait in attracting conspecific females remains unclear. Among such traits, the relevance of frequency component (i.e. song pitch) has been underestimated, as orthopterans had long been believed incapable of song pitch recognition. However, recent literatures suggested that ears of orthopteran species are capable of frequency recognition as mammalians do. My previous report demonstrated that their calling song recorded from mature adults has constant and pure peak frequency component around 5.7 kHz, further supporting a biological significance of the frequency component. In this study, I tracked its change over time in sexual maturity phase (i.e. from early adult phase). 300 calling songs were recorded over time from a pool of 122 adult crickets, as it required large number of animals because the crickets rarely sing at very early adult stage. A maturation process of calling song was observed, where the peak frequency distributed lower and more variable frequency in early adult phase (e.g. mean peak value was 4.9 kHz on day 3), then it gradually increased and converged to 5.8 kHz with two weeks. The coefficient of variance also decreased over the process, showing minimum around day 20. Also, I found that the young crickets (supposed to emit immature song), emit perfectly tuned calling song with 5.8 kHz peak in helium-substituted (80% Helium and 20% Oxygen) environment. These findings suggest that the robustly regulated frequency of the calling song is acquired during the early-to-mid adult stage, and it may be associated with sexual maturity of males. Also, the helium-substitution experiment suggests that physical resistance from surrounding gas molecules negatively impacts stability of calling songs of young males, implying that a muscle development and/or forewing hardening may help song maturation. This study highlights a biological significance of the frequency component, such that females may adaptively select sexually mature males based on the song trait.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".