Tuning Shell Numbers of Transition Metal Oxide Hollow Microspheres toward Durable and Superior Lithium Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multishelled hollow structured transition metal oxides (TMOs) are highly potential materials for high energy density energy storage due to their high volumetric energy density, reduced aggregation of nanosized subunits, and excellent capacity and durability. However, traditional synthetic methods of TMOs generally require complicated steps and lack compositional/morphological adjustability. Herein, a general and straightforward strategy is developed to synthesize multishelled porous hollow microspheres, which is constituted of nanosize primary TMO particles, using metal acetate polysaccharide microspheres as the precursor. This universal method can be applied to design TMOs’ hollow spheres with tunable shell numbers and composition. The hierarchical porous quadruple-shelled hollow microspheres with nanosized Ni–Co–Mn oxide demonstrate an increased number of active sites, boosted rate capability, enhanced volumetric energy density, and showed great tolerance toward volume expansion upon cycling, thus exhibiting excellent Li + storage capability with high specific capacity (1470 mAh g –1 at 0.2 A g –1 and 1073.6 mAh g –1 at 5.0 A g –1 ) and excellent cycle retention (1097 mAh g –1 after 250 cycles at 0.2 A g –1 ) among TMO anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".