Time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Surveys and Unfrozen Water Content in Cold Continuous Permafrost
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Estimates of material properties such as ice content or unfrozen water content are critical for thermal modelling of the response of permafrost to climate forcing, understanding contaminant flow and transport, or for predicting the behaviour of permafrost as an engineering substrate. We utilize time-lapse electrical resistivity surveys to examine the potential for imaging relative changes in unfrozen water content for cold continuous permafrost in the Canadian Arctic. Electrical resistivity data were collected from 2012/08 to 2015/06 at semi-regular time intervals using a permanent electrode installation at Iqaluit International Airport in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Using postinversion model differencing, we observe significant changes in electrical resistivity and we infer changes in unfrozen water content that appear consistent with temperature records. The most prevalent changes in resistivity are not limited to the active layer, but extend from 1–8 m depth in a zone of significant temperature fluctuation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".