Analysis on health expenditure and correlation with perceived health status in 8 Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Healthcare is the single largest budget item for several OECD Countries, independently from the type of healthcare systems. Several studies showed that the amount of health expenditure correlate with the health status of population. The present study is aimed at analysing the health expenditure of 8 OECD Countries in the last 45 years, and at evaluating a possible correlation between health expenditure and perceived health status. Methods OECD database was queried to obtain data on total and public health expenditure as a share of GDP, on residential long-term care (LTC) facilities expenditure as share of GDP, on hospital expenditure and outpatient services expenditure as share of GDP and on perceived health status of people (older than 65). Countries for which data were searched were Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK and US. Trend analysis and correlations among data on health expenditure and correlations between data on total health expenditure and perceived health status were performed through STATA 14. Results Total health expenditure correlates, positively and significantly, with outpatient expenditure in Canada (r = 0.96), Italy (r = 0.79), Sweden (r = 0.77) and USA (r = 0.99) and with LTC expenditure in Canada (r = 0.89), France (r = 0.95), Germany (r = 0.94), Spain (r = 0.95), Sweden (r = 0.95), UK (r = 0.99) and USA (r = 0.97). No significant correlation was found with hospital expenditure. A weak correlation was found between public health expenditure and perceived health status of people older than 65. Conclusions Our results show that in the last 45 years the increase in healthcare expenditure tended to finance outpatient care and, in particular, LTC services. The health expenditure and, consequently, the type of healthcare systems could determine the perception of health status of older people, probably, influencing the type of access to healthcare services. Key messages: Countries with healthcare services that finances mainly outpatient and LTC services have people with a better perceived health status. Increase in health expenditure finances mainly outpatient and LTC services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".