Acute gastroenteritis and prevalence of noroviruses in Ontario, CA - 2009-2014
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Norovirus has been well established as the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and more specifically, viral gastroenteritis (>90% of cases). The illness remains a problem in the province of Ontario, Canada due to its high morbidity and resulting health expenditures. While extensive work has been performed internationally on the burden of norovirus and norovirus-like illness in various settings, little work has been performed on this in Ontario. Such studies are necessary to help direct public health promotion campaigns and reduce health care costs. Three datasets were acquired from the government of Ontario for analyses: two traditional surveillance datasets (outbreak and laboratory), as well as syndromic data (telehealth), all spanning Jan 2009 – Dec 2014. All outbreaks, laboratory submissions, and calls to telehealth were first assessed in terms of total AGE; norovirus and norovirus-like illness totals were then calculated as a proportion of these to estimate burden of illness. Affected institution types, genders, and age groups were also analyzed. Data were standardized (per 100,000 population) using Ontario population totals where appropriate. Between 2009-2014, 41.5% of outbreaks, 63.4% of laboratory submissions, and 36.6% of calls to telehealth were attributed to norovirus and norovirus-like illness in Ontario. The most commonly affected institution type was long-term care homes, most commonly affected age group were younger (<5) and older (65+) individuals, and females were only slightly more commonly affected than males. From this study, it was determined that norovirus and norovirus-like illnesses are the leading cause of AGE in Ontario. These illnesses comprised more AGE illness than any other virus in question. Additional work is needed to determine all component costs and necessary public health actions to reduce burden of illness. Key messages: Norovirus and norovirus-like illnesses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in Ontario, Canada. Public health action is required to mitigate noroviruses and norovirus-like illnesses to reduce their morbidity and high economic burden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".