Physiology of Potassium Nutrition in Cereals: Fluxes, Compartmentation, and Ionic Interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is an essential nutrient and the most abundant cation in plant cells. Plants possess two transport systems for K+ acquisition: a high-affinity system (HATS), operating at external K+ concentrations ([K+]ext) below 1 mM, and showing reduced transport activity in the presence of ammonium (NH4+); and, a low-affinity system (LATS), operating at [K+]ext above 1 mM, that is not affected by NH4+. K+ transport and compartmentation were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) using the non-invasive technique of compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE), to simultaneously determine unidirectional membrane fluxes, ion concentrations, and exchange characteristics in subcellular compartments. These studies revealed striking differences in unidirectional K+ fluxes between HATS and LATS. It was found that flux measurements, using traditional direct influx (DI) protocols, accurately represented HATS influx, but underestimated LATS influx by as much as seven-fold. In both barley and rice, LATS K+ fluxes were found to undergo rapid, futile cycling, with the ratio of efflux:influx 3 to 5 times greater, and the cytosolic exchange rate 2 to 3 times faster than under HATS. Based upon plasma-membrane electrical potential measurements, efflux was found to be active under LATS conditions. LATS-mediated conditions for K+ were found to provide relief from NH4+ toxicity in barley by immediately reducing NH4+ influx by more than 50%, and significantly reducing NH4+ futile cycling. Employing the K+ channel inhibitors cesium, lanthanum, and tetraethylammonium, NH4+ was shown to have both K+-sensitive and –insensitive influx pathways at high [NH4+]ext. Based on current models of flux energetics, the combined uptake of K+ and NH4+ was found to utilize 60% of root oxygen consumption. Barley and rice both showed signs of NH4+ toxicity at low [K+]ext, but rice recovered at much lower [K+]ext, suggesting a crucial role of K+ in the NH4+-tolerance of rice. These experiments address fundamental aspects of K+ fluxes, and help provide a physiological framework for future studies of K+ transport and mineral nutrition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".