Small-strain behaviour and crushability of Ballyconnelly carbonate sand under monotonic and cyclic loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In various parts of the globe, carbonate sands are found at shallow sea water depth. These types of sands are very susceptible to large-scale particle breakage. Offshore structures like wind turbines and sea defences are constructed on these types of soils. From a design perspective, it is essential to assess the extent of particle breakage and the subsequent change in soil properties that occur under working load conditions. This paper presents the data obtained from a number of drained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests on crushable carbonate sand (“Ballyconnelly sand”) in conjunction with small-strain shear stiffness (G max ) measurements using the bender element technique. The soils were allowed to shear under three different loading patterns to understand the factors influencing the breakage of particles. The degree of crushing was quantified and analysed based on the total energy input. It was observed that, apart from applied stress, the total strain accumulation governs the amount of particle breakage. It was observed that G max increased significantly under high stress ratio. G max also increased noticeably during resting periods without any change in loading conditions as a result of creep, and subsequently during cyclic loading although at a reduced rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".