Wetting-induced collapse behavior of kaolinite: influence of fabric and inundation pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Collapsible soils are known to withstand high normal stresses without undergoing a significant volume change in an air-dry state. The soil is, however, susceptible to a large volume change upon wetting. The volumetric collapse behavior of these soils is of great engineering interest to address the problem of ground subsidence. Kaolinite was found to be a collapsible soil similar to the loess soil. The collapse mechanism in kaolinite was due to changes in particle association (fabric) with the interaction with different pore fluids. Several physicochemical parameters strongly influenced the particle association by altering the charges on the particle surfaces and edges. The collapse nature of the kaolinite was investigated with great detail in this work. Wetting-induced collapse behavior of kaolinite was studied under the influence of pore-fluid chemistry using a multi-scale approach. The influence of pH, salt concentration, and dielectric pore-fluid environment on the clay behavior was analyzed using sedimentation and collapse tests. The collapse test results were well corroborated with the sedimentation test data, scanning electron microscopy images of lyophilized specimens, and edge isoelectric point (IEP edge ). The influence of inundation fluid and inundation pressure on the fabric changes and collapse potential was elucidated. The collapse potential was found to depend on the inundation pressure and pore-fluid characteristics. Maximum collapse potential was observed to be due to water inundation and minimum due to inundation with kerosene. The mechanical pressure at higher inundation pressures helped to bring the clay platelets into better face–face association during the inundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".