Probing the cardiac malate–aspartate shuttle non‐invasively using hyperpolarized [1,2‐<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]pyruvate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that using hyperpolarized [2‐13C]pyruvate as a contrast agent can reveal 13C signals from metabolites associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the metabolites detectable from TCA cycle‐mediated oxidation of [2‐13C]pyruvate are the result of several metabolic steps. In the instance of the [5‐13C]glutamate signal, the amplitude can be modulated by changes to the rates of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux, TCA cycle flux and metabolite pool size. Also key is the malate–aspartate shuttle, which facilitates the transport of cytosolic reducing equivalents into the mitochondria for oxidation via the malate–α‐ketoglutarate transporter, a process coupled to the exchange of cytosolic malate for mitochondrial α‐ketoglutarate. In this study, we investigated the mechanism driving the observed changes to hyperpolarized [2‐13C]pyruvate metabolism. Using hyperpolarized [1,2‐13C]pyruvate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the porcine heart with different workloads, it was possible to probe 13C–glutamate labeling relative to rates of cytosolic metabolism, PDH flux and TCA cycle turnover in a single experiment non‐invasively. Via the [1‐13C]pyruvate label, we observed more than a five‐fold increase in the cytosolic conversion of pyruvate to [1‐13C]lactate and [1‐13C]alanine with higher workload. 13C–Bicarbonate production by PDH was increased by a factor of 2.2. Cardiac cine imaging measured a two‐fold increase in cardiac output, which is known to couple to TCA cycle turnover. Via the [2‐13C]pyruvate label, we observed that 13C–acetylcarnitine production increased 2.5‐fold in proportion to the 13C–bicarbonate signal, whereas the 13C–glutamate metabolic flux remained constant on adrenergic activation. Thus, the 13C–glutamate signal relative to the amount of 13C–labeled acetyl‐coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA) entering the TCA cycle was decreased by 40%. The data strongly suggest that NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) shuttling from the cytosol to the mitochondria via the malate–aspartate shuttle is limited on adrenergic activation. Changes in [5‐13C]glutamate production from [2‐13C]pyruvate may play an important future role in non‐invasive myocardial assessment in patients with cardiovascular diseases, but careful interpretation of the results is required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".