User satisfaction and sustainability of drinking water schemes in rural communities of Nepal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water-supply programs consist of three essential components: technology, people, and institutions. The interface of these facets determines whether a particular scheme is sustainable. This article highlights the differences in maintaining and operating water-supply systems in rural villages and rural market centers in Nepal. The analysis considers disparities between users’ willingness to pay based on data collected through surveys of 205 households and representatives of 12 water-user committees. Due to varying geographical locations and socioeconomic conditions among rural villages and rural market centers, core operation and maintenance problems for drinking water sustainability are immensely different. Weak institutional capacity is the prime obstacle in the provision of drinking water in the rural villages while technicalities such as insufficient water quality and inconvenient water-point locations are the major issues in the rural market centers. Moreover, levels of user satisfaction influence the operation and maintenance of both types of systems. This study considers user-satisfaction parameters and the overall influence of satisfaction on users’ willingness to pay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".