A direct procedure for the seismic design of frame structures with added viscous dampers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A direct procedure for the seismic design of building structures with added viscous dampers is described in this paper.The procedure is applicable to regular multi-storey frame structures, which are characterized by a period of vibration lower than 1.5 s.It aims at providing practical tools for a direct identification of the mechanical characteristics of the manufactured viscous dampers, which allow to achieve target levels of performances.Typically, the design philosophy is to limit the structural damages under severe earthquakes.In more detail, the procedure may be summarized as follows.First, a target damping reduction factor is selected to achieve a desired reduction in the peak structural response under earthquake excitation.Second, linear damping coefficients are calculated taking advantage of the properties of the modal damping ratios of classically damped systems.Then, analytical formulas allow the estimation of peak velocities and forces in the dissipative devices, and an energy criterion is used to identify the non-linear mechanical characteristics of the actual manufactured viscous dampers.Finally, the internal actions in the structural elements are estimated through the envelope of two equivalent static analyses (ESA), namely: ESA1 in which the naked structure is subjected to a given set of equivalent lateral forces, and ESA2 in which the structure, with rigid diagonal braces substituting the added viscous dampers, is subjected to a top floor lateral force.At this stage of the research, the procedure is suitable for the preliminary design phase, since correction factors for the higher modes contributions are necessary to improve its accuracy, especially for high-rise buildings.A numerical verification of the final behaviour of the system by means of non-linear time-history analyses is recommended.An applicative example is finally provided to highlight the simplicity of the proposed procedure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".