Epithrix hirtipennis, a New Pest of Tobacco in Greece, with Notes on its Morphology, Bioecology and Control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The tobacco flea beetle, Epithrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was first noticed on tobacco in Agrinio area in early May 1988. In the next year it was also found to attack tobacco in the same area. Heavy attacks were also recorded on eggplant while a low infestation was noticed on potato and pepper. To date this species is widespread in several areas of Phthiotis (Central Greece) where tobacco is grown developing quite large populations. The adult feeds on the leaves causing almost circular holes, usually 1-2 mm in diameter, and irregular shape ones when they are larger. The adult starts feeding usually from the upper surface of the leaves and to a lesser extent from the underside. When large numbers of adults are present, larger holes are caused on the tobacco leaves while in higher population densities, the whole lamina except of nerves can be eaten, leading to severe damage of the crop. The adult was usually found on the upper surface of the lower tobacco leaves. It showed a strong feeding preference for the lower then the upper leaves of tobacco, as well as plants of reduced growth. The latter preference could be taken into account in an integrated pest management programme for tobacco pests. E. hirtipennis is of nearctic origin, known in U.S.A., Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia and pos sibly occurs in other areas of Central and South America. It is a polyphagous species attacking cultivated plants and weeds such as tobacco, eggplant, potato, tomato, pepper, Jimson weed, ground cherry, nightshade, horse nettle and to a lesser extent many other plants. In tobacco, one adult has been estimated that can eat leaf quantity equal to ten times of its own weight in a day. Therefore, it can lower both the quantity and quality of leaves. E. hirtipennis was unknown to European countries until 1983. The first record in Europe was on tobacco in the area of Benevento, in the Campania region, South Italy. Later, it was recorded in Toscana, whilst Sannino and Balbiani reported that it was already present in the provinces of Campania, Basilicata, Lazio, Puglia, Abruzzo, Toscana and Umbria; Toscana and Umbria are the last areas in which the species was recorded. After its appearance, it has progressively spread into South and Central Italy causing damage which depends upon tobacco type. The record of E. hirtipennis at first in Agrinio area and later in other areas of Central Greece reveals that it rather invaded West Greece through transport from Italy and has spread to other areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".