Using Map Interpretation Techniques for Relative Dating to Determine a Western North Dakota and South Dakota Drainage Basin Formation Sequence, Missouri River Drainage Basin, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Map interpretation techniques are used to determine the sequence in which western North and South Dakota erosion events occurred. The map interpretation techniques apply the principle of cross cutting relationships by studying asymmetric drainage divides, barbed tributaries, elbows of capture, drainage divide crossings, abandoned headcuts, and similar features on detailed topographic maps to determine the sequence in which drainage basins and valleys within those drainage basins formed. Detailed topographic maps covering western North and South Dakota show numerous closely spaced divide crossings along drainage divides separating the White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Cannonball, Heart, Knife, and Little Missouri Rivers. These divide crossings often form links between opposing northwest- and southeast-oriented tributary stream valleys and provide evidence of multiple closely spaced southeast-oriented flow channels that existed prior to formation of the deeper present day east-, northeast-, and north-oriented river valleys. Numerous barbed tributaries in the form of northwest-oriented tributaries to east- and northeast-oriented rivers (and major tributaries to the mentioned rivers) and southeast-oriented tributaries to the northeast- and north-oriented rivers (and tributaries to the mentioned rivers) suggest the deeper river (and tributary) valleys eroded headward across the southeast-oriented flow channels. Asymmetric drainage divides, barbed tributaries, abandoned headcuts, and elbows of capture demonstrate the southeast-oriented flow, which was most likely in the form of floods of ice-marginal melt water moving between the Black Hills uplift and a continental ice sheet’s southwest margin, was captured in sequence by headward erosion of the White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Cannonball, Heart, Knife, and Little Missouri River valleys. This erosion event sequence and its probable cause, determined from the map evidence, has major implications related to what is commonly considered to have been a much larger pre-glacial Bell River system, which included segments of each of the studied river valleys, and for all geologic and glacial history interpretations based on a Bell River system pre-glacial age interpretation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".