A Study of Three Ester Co-Solvents in Lithium-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of three esters incorporated as co-solvents in 1.2 M LiPF 6 EC:EMC:DMC (25:5:70 by volume %) electrolyte were studied in Li[Ni 1-x-y Co x Al y ]O 2 /Graphite-SiO pouch cells. The esters: methyl propionate (MP), ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl butyrate (MB) were compared in a variety of tests on the cells. Storage tests at 60°C at both 4.2 V and 2.5 V demonstrated that MB and MP outperformed EA and cells containing 20% MP showed the least voltage drop during the 500 h storage period. In long-term cycling tests at 40°C, cells containing up to 20% ester exhibited similar capacity retention compared to cells with only EC:EMC:DMC solvent. Unwanted lithium plating could be suppressed in cells with 20% MP during charging above 2C compared to ester-free cells, which showed the onset of unwanted lithium plating at 1.8C. This improvement is due to the increased Li + conductivity of electrolytes containing MP. In addition, the use of up to 40% MP did not enhance reactivity between the charged electrode materials and electrolyte at elevated temperatures according to accelerating rate calorimetry measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".