Ultralow-Power Radar Sensors for Ambient Sensing in the ${V}$ -Band
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The design considerations and circuit topologies of a family of ultralow-power fundamental-frequency and second-harmonic 60-GHz radar sensors are described. The single-chip sensor architecture features four lownoise-matched receivers, either a fundamental-frequency 60GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) or 30-GHz VCO + doubler, and a static divide-by-8192 chain which is turned OFF 95% of the time to save DC power. On-die measurements show a power consumption of 42 mW from a single 1.2-V supply, 10% frequency tuning range, -104 to -108 dBc/Hz phase noise at 10-MHz offset, 10-dB conversion gain per receiver, and -7-dBm transmitter output power at the antenna pads. Several 45-nm SOI-CMOS sensor dies were flip-chip mounted on a 7 × 7 mm2flexible interposer which also includes four receiveand two transmit antennas. Doppler and direction of arrival tests were conducted over distances of several tens of centimeters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".