Denying Indigenous Education: Examples from Wei Wai Kum (Campbell River) and We Wei Kai (Cape Mudge)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The education of Indigenous children was alleged to be a central component of Canada’s Indian policy. Government officials argued that indoctrination in Western schooling and religion was critical in order to assimilate Indigenous populations into Canadian culture. Yet historical accounts of Indigenous schooling reveal that despite pro-schooling rhetoric, in reality government officials neglected Indigenous requests to Ottawa for educational support. Rather, these accounts reveal the low profile of Indigenous education in relation to other government portfolios, such as land and resources. Using examples from the Wei Wai Kum and We Wai Kai nations, located at Campbell River and Cape Mudge, respectively, this paper demonstrates how federal officials repeatedly denied – and at times obstructed – Indigenous requests for education from the late 1800s until the 1950s, when Indigenous children were integrated into British Columbia’s public schools.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.109 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".