A Late-glacial Outburst Flood From Glacial Lake Carbon, Washington State, Usa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blockage of the Carbon River by the Vashon Stade Puget Ice Lobe (as mapped by Crandell, 1963) northwest of Mount Rainier, Washington, created Glacial Lake Carbon. The lake lowered progressively as the ice retreated through successive stages, from about 1500' asl at the maximum, to 1470' and then 1300' for the first two closely spaced recessional stages, which are marked by kame terraces. This recession was probably due to a combination of climatic forcing and subglacial fluvial erosion by water in hydraulic continuity with the lake that was escaping through the permeable kame terrace sediments. We hypothesize that the rapid release of the majority of the lake waters between the first and second recessional positions created a catastrophic flood as the Puget Lobe retreated. We estimate that the lake contained about 5EMT10 (super 7) m (super 3) of water at its maximum depth, and that the peak discharge was on the order of 10 (super 3) m (super 3) /sec. This flood may have been much larger than other floods from similar Cascade Range drainages blocked by the Puget Lobe because the Carbon River valley was being fed by runoff from Mount Rainier. Portions of the andesite boulder-rich Lily Creek Formation (1 Ma) were undercut and remobilized by the flood. The discontinuous train of boulders deposited by the flood extends from the Fox Creek valley, northeast of Electron, to the southwest, across, and along the general trend of the Ohop Creek valley. The present day Tanwax Valley, marked by Tanwax Creek and a line of lakes, and extending from slightly east of Lake Kapowsin southwest to its confluence with the Nisqually River, marks the southernmost extent of the receding Puget Lobe at the time of the outburst flood. This ice margin, therefore, acted to constrain the northernmost extent of the floodwaters. The flood had a gradient of .007 from its source to this region, 34 km downstream, and carried boulders up to 2m across at least this far downstream.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".