Phonetic realizations of the post-consonantal liquid in North and South Korean dialects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents large-scale production data of consonant-liquid sequences in North and South Korean dialects. It is known that in South Korean, the liquid /L/ is not allowed in post-consonantal onset position and is nasalized not only after a nasal (e.g., /kɨmLi/ → [kɨmni] “interest”) but after a stop, involving the nasalization of the stop (e.g., /sʌpLi/ → [sʌmni] “providence”). We investigate whether this holds (i) for Seoul Korean speakers who become familiar with the onset liquid through exposure to English and (ii) for North Korean speakers who retain the onset liquid in their dialect. Thirty five North Korean defectors speaking Northern Hamkyeong dialect and 20 Seoul Korean speakers read 236 Korean words including a nasal-liquid (/mL, nL, ŋL/) or a stop-liquid sequence (/pL, kL/). Acoustic measurements for the sequences include formant frequencies, high/low frequency energy ratios, and presence of closure and release. Results show that the most common pattern is the nasalized output, with speaker and lexical variation. The post-consonantal /L/ was also realized as the lateral [l] or the tap [ɾ], depending on the speaker’s age (old vs. young) and the dialect (north vs. south).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".