Refugee Claims and Criminalization of Same-Sex Intimacy: The Case of <i>Sebastiao</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reviews the decision of Sebastiao v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), in which the Federal Court upheld the decision of the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD) of the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) to reject Sebastiao's claim for refugee protection because his fear of persecution on account of his sexual orientation in Angola was not well founded. The case of Sebastiao attempted to advance the RAD's understanding of properly reviewing documentary evidence in refugee claims based on sexual orientation. The record included helpful resources like the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' Guidelines on International Protection No 9: Claims to Refugee Status based on Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, international human rights cases setting out important legal principles, and published works of international legal experts on sexual minority refugees. Nevertheless, the Federal Court found that it was open to the RAD to expect proof that laws criminalizing sexual minorities are actively applied in Angola.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.028 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".