Scalable Low-Band-Gap Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> Thin-Film Photocathodes for Efficient Visible–Near-Infrared Solar Hydrogen Evolution
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A highly efficient low-band-gap (1.2–0.8 eV) photoelectrode is critical for accomplishing efficient conversion of visible–near-infrared sunlight into storable hydrogen. Herein, we report an Sb 2 Se 3 polycrystalline thin-film photocathode having a low band gap (1.2–1.1 eV) for efficient hydrogen evolution for wide solar-spectrum utilization. The photocathode was fabricated by a facile thermal evaporation of a single Sb 2 Se 3 powder source onto the Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrate, followed by annealing under Se vapor and surface modification with an antiphotocorrosive CdS/TiO 2 bilayer and Pt catalyst. The fabricated Sb 2 Se 3 (Se-annealed)/CdS/TiO 2 /Pt photocathode achieves a photocurrent density of ca . −8.6 mA cm –2 at 0 V RHE, an onset potential of ca . 0.43 V RHE, a stable photocurrent for over 10 h, and a significant photoresponse up to the near-infrared region ( ca . 1040 nm) in near-neutral pH buffered solution (pH 6.5) under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight. The obtained photoelectrochemical performance is attributed to the reliable synthesis of a micrometer-sized Sb 2 Se 3 (Se-annealed) thin film as photoabsorber and the successful construction of an appropriate p–n heterojunction at the electrode–liquid interface for effective charge separation. The demonstration of a low-band-gap and high-performance Sb 2 Se 3 photocathode with facile fabrication might facilitate the development of cost-effective PEC devices for wide solar-spectrum utilization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it