Athletes, acclamations, and imagery from the end of antiquity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable scholarly interest in athletic contests in late antiquity and in the fate of the agonistic festivals that for many centuries constituted the principal occasion for them in the Greek world. The old notion that the end of the games at Olympia, and, a fortiori, that of the other great festivals of the periodos, came with the banning of pagan sacrifice by Theodosius I in A.D. 392/393 is now acknowledged to be wrong; but the evidence for these and most other agones after the beginning of the 5th c. is scanty. Some may have vanished earlier, and most of those that survived then may not have lasted very long after this date. In the West, agones of Greek type had always been very much rarer, but at Rome the Capitolia and Heliaea are attested in the mid- to late 4th c. but similarly vanish from the record at least after the early 5th c. But the absence of later evidence for agones of the traditional Greek type should not be taken to imply the disappearance of athletic contests; there were other occasions on which they could be offered, which need to be more fully acknowledged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".