Dialect contact and word-specific phonetics: North Koreans in Seoul
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the speech of North Korean refugees who currently reside in Seoul. We investigate (a) how the North Korean speakers’ stops are affected by contact with Seoul Korean and (b) whether words only commonly used in the North and words newly acquired in the South are realized differently. The data were collected from 35 Hamkyeoung speakers, balanced for age (born before vs. after 1975) and time since arrival in Seoul (0–3 vs. 3–15 years). Twenty Seoul speakers also participated as a comparison group. Participants produced 78 stop-initial words with two repetitions, evenly divided into North vs. South lists, balanced for laryngeal feature, place of articulation, and the following vowel height across the lists. The results show that in line with previous literature, Hamkyeoung aspirated stops are longer in VOT than Seoul stops and Hamkyeoung lenis stops are shorter in VOT than Seoul stops. We found evidence for contact-induced phonetic drift for aspirated stops, but not for lenis stops—earlier arrivals produce aspirated stops with a shorter VOT than recent arrivals. We found no evidence of word-specific phonetic representation and stops were produced with a comparable VOT value regardless of their Northern vs. Southern origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".