Applications of the fractional calculus to study the physical theory of ion motion in a quadrupole ion trap
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, fractional calculus has been applied to study the motion of ions in a three-dimensional radio frequency quadrupole ion trap; we have called this arrangement a fractional quadrupole ion trap. The main purpose of the article is to show that by controlling the fractional parameter of a trapped ion, one can gain a more efficient mass separation. In what follows, we will see that with decreasing the fractional parameter, we can achieve a smaller first stability region. Note that a small stability diagram will result in a good and acceptable mass separation. Various methods can be proposed to obtain a desired ion acceleration with a sufficient accuracy for good mass separation, which is similar to the one obtained by a fractional ion trap. Some of these methods are using the effects of a damping force, a magnetic field or both on the confinement of particles in the quadrupole ion trap. The first stability regions are plotted for all of the aforementioned methods, and simulation results are provided to compare them with those for the fractional case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".