Retrieving Leaf and Canopy Water Content of Winter Wheat Using Vegetation Water Indices
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the capability of spectral indices for estimating winter wheat leaf and canopy water content using radiative transfer modeling and field measurements. An irrigation treatment experiment was conducted to investigate response of crop growth to water supply in 2014 and 2015. Plant sampling and canopy spectral reflectance were measured in the two growing seasons. The main goal was to evaluate the potential of selected spectral indices formulated with the Sentinel-2 bands for winter wheat water status assessment. A global sensitivity analysis using reflectance simulated by the PROSPECT-5 and SAILH models showed that leaf water contributed the most to the variation of spectral water indices derived from leaf reflectance but had reduced contribution when the indices were derived from canopy reflectance. Correlation between canopy water content (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w, C</sub> ) and canopy spectral water indices was significant, although it was impacted by canopy structural descriptors such as the leaf inclination angle and the leaf area index. Satisfactory estimation of w, C could be achieved using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 0.68, RMSE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cv</sub> = 0.148 kg·m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> , and n = 463). The estimated C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w, C</sub> at the jointing stage was significantly correlated with grain yield. A map of C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w, C</sub> was generated from Sentinel-2 image acquired on March 30, 2016, showing spatial variation of winter wheat canopy water status comparable with the drought indicators reported by the Meteorological Bureau at the regional scale. It also showed variations at the field scale. Hence, there is a great potential to use the NDWI derived from Sentinel-2 data for detecting crop response to water stress and provide support to irrigation decision.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it