Improving Sea Ice Characterization in Dry Ice Winter Conditions Using Polarimetric Parameters from C- and L-Band SAR Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea ice monitoring and classification is one of the main applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing. C-band SAR imagery is regarded as an optimal choice for sea ice applications; however, other SAR frequencies has not been extensively assessed. In this study, we evaluate the potential of fully polarimetric L-band SAR imagery for monitoring and classifying sea ice during dry winter conditions compared to fully polarimetric C-band SAR. Twelve polarimetric SAR parameters are derived using sets of C- and L-band SAR imagery and the capabilities of the derived parameters for the discrimination between First Year Ice (FYI) and Old Ice (OI), which is considered to be a mixture of Second Year Ice (SYI) and Multiyear Ice (MYI), are investigated. Feature vectors of effective C- and L-band polarimetric parameters are extracted and used for sea ice classification. Results indicate that C-band SAR provides high classification accuracy (98.99%) of FYI and OI in comparison to the obtained accuracy using L-band SAR (82.17% and 81.85%), as expected. However, L-band SAR was found to classify only the MYI floes as OI, while merging both FYI and SYI into one separate class. This comes in contrary to C-band SAR, which classifies as OI both MYI and SYI. This indicates a new potential for discriminating SYI from MYI by combining C- and L-band SAR in dry ice winter conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".