Gas advection-diffusion in geosynthetic clay liners with powder and granular bentonites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gas diffusion and gas permeability tests were performed sequentially on powder and granular partially hydrated needle-punched geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) over a range of gravimetric water content using a gas flow unified measurement system under 2 kPa and 20 kPa vertical stresses. Most of the changes in diffusion and advection occurred at intermediary levels of saturation or gravimetric water contents where diffusive and advective gas migration in the granular GCL tended to be higher than in the powder GCL. When the GCLs were relatively dry, their gas diffusion and gas permeability remained constant due to the large interconnected air voids present in the bentonites. For relatively wet conditions, the difference in their gas diffusion and gas permeability was minimal as the bentonites developed a relatively uniform gel structure. The results suggest that at a nominal overburden pressure of 20 kPa, GCLs such as the ones studied need to be hydrated to more than 160% gravimetric water content or >80% apparent degree of saturation before gas diffusion and permeability drop to 1.0 × 10 −11 m 2 /s and 2 × 10 −13 m/s, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".