“Long looked for, come at last”: discourses of Whiteboyism and Ribbonism in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ethnicity is complex and historically contingent. The ways that ethnic identities are negotiated vary over time and place, as a range of circumstances and ethnic others present themselves in different contexts. Thus, Irishness in diasporic communities, as in Ireland itself, is fluid and often contested. Yet, there can be persistence in certain articulations of ethnicity, especially if the identity is rooted in long-term oppression and resistance. The Irish who came to Newfoundland migrated primarily in the period from the early 1700s to the mid-1800s. They were Catholics from the southern counties of Ireland, and they carried with them a sense of marginalisation and grievance rooted in British colonialism, even though they were grasping opportunity in the burgeoning Newfoundland cod fishery. They also brought with them traditions of resistance, such as Whiteboyism and Ribbonism, and deployed these techniques to assert their interests, in terms of ethnicity, or class or both. Ethnic tensions between Irish Catholics and English Protestants persisted well into the twentieth century, and the residue of ethnic difference remains in the twenty-first. Articulations of Irishness in Newfoundland are therefore undergirded by a collective historical memory of unequal access to power and struggle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".