Closed-loop control of standing neuroprosthesis using PID controller
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES), applied to paralyzed or paretic muscles, can facilitate arm-free standing in patients with neurological disorders. At the same time, it has been shown that the able-bodied central nervous system regulates standing balance using a control strategy similar to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of a PID controller for regulating an FES system applied to the ankle flexors for maintaining standing balance. We compared the performance of this controller to voluntary balance control of able-bodied individuals with compromised visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses. According to our experimental results, the proposed PID control strategy outperformed the disrupted voluntary control of the ankle flexors while it did not require larger control efforts, in terms of the ankle torque. Therefore, this control strategy could be considered in for use in neurological patients, including spinal cord injured individuals, after further validations in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".