Concentration range of serum sex steroids in normal postmenopausal women and those with diagnosis of vulvovaginal atrophy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the range of serum sex-related steroids in normal postmenopausal women and in women of the same age with a diagnosis of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). METHODS: Validated mass spectrometry-based assays coupled to gas or liquid chromatography were used over a 10-year period for steroid measurements. Serum samples were obtained in up to 1,512 women aged 55 to 65 years. RESULTS: Serum estrone sulfate (E1S) and androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G), the main metabolites of estrogens and androgens, respectively, were 16.9% (P = 0.005) and 16.1% (P = 0.001) higher in women not diagnosed with moderate/severe VVA than those diagnosed with VVA. Serum estrone (E1) was 14.5% (P < 0.0001) higher in women with no diagnosis of VVA, whereas the other steroids did not show meaningful differences. The limited biological significance of serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone is supported by the lack of statistical significance in the serum concentrations of these two steroids between the two groups. Most importantly, for the women without a diagnosis of VVA, the normal upper limit (95 centile) of serum E2 was 9.15 pg/mL (n = 364) and 10.7 pg/mL (n = 67) for a weighted average of 9.99 pg E2/mL. A limit of 10 pg E2/mL has recently been found by two other laboratories. When comparing 50- to 59-year-old and 70- to 79-year-old women, serum E2, E1S, ADT-G, and DHEA were, respectively, 24.4%, 22.6%, 27.0%, and 85.9% higher in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: Somewhat higher values, namely, 16.9% and 16.1%, are observed in the serum concentrations of the estrogen (E1S) and androgen (ADT-G) metabolites in normal compared with women with a diagnosis of VVA. Such data indicating a lower estrogenic and androgenic global exposure in women diagnosed with VVA offers an opportunity for the local intravaginal administration of DHEA to replace the deficiency in endogenous DHEA.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".