Cationic Gemini Surfactant–Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Condensates as a Single Amphiphilic Entity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A critical aggregate concentration for the surfactant-DNA "complex" or "condensate" consisting of the 16-3-16 gemini surfactant and circular plasmid DNA was determined using surface tensiometry, dynamic light scattering, and conductometry. This surfactant-DNA complex acts as an amphiphile itself, for example, decreasing the surface tension of water until a critical concentration is reached. The evidence presented here introduces a new way of considering these surfactant-DNA condensates, not simply as aggregates in solution but as surface-active agents in their own right. At concentrations below the critical aggregate concentration, there is some dissociation of surfactant molecules from the condensate, creating a more "loose" or "relaxed" complex; however, at and above the critical aggregate concentration, the surfactant-DNA system forms smaller and more uniformly distributed condensates once again. This behavior is analogous to demicellization/micellization that occurs in typical surfactant systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".