Come e perche le citta vanno all'estero: un'interpretazione
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the research carried out by the European Science Foundation «CITTA» (Cities as International \nand Transnational Actors) network, whose main results are presented here, attempts are made to \nanalyse not just one specific type, goal, or form of city international activity, but a wide-ranging \nrepertoire of actions. The key aspects addressed, concern the internal features of a city's \ninternational agency and, more precisely, the ways in which related issues enter and are processed \nin urban agendas. No fewer than ten cities were studied: Amsterdam, Birmingham, Budapest, \nMadrid, Manchester, Montreal, Paris, Rome, Vilnius, and Zurich. \nA consistent and controlled comparison was carried out drawing on a similar set of independent \nvariables. Following up on the debate regarding the nature of the impact of the globalisation process \non urban areas, our research does not give support to the `convergence theory' approach, as the \ninternational activities carried out by cities and the orientation of their strategies tend to follow \ndifferent paths based on their own `digestion' of global change. \nOnce identified a prevailing international strategy, three main orientations in which an adequate \namount of internal coherence was found were identified: economic, political, and social. The \nexistence, the orientation, and the convergence or divergence of a city's international strategy may \nbe explained by a group of independent variables. In particular, a set of six variable clusters enabled \nto respond to the questions mentioned above: (i) city market conditions, (ii) urban society, (iii) the \nnature of intergovernmental relations, (iv) the type of political system, (v) the geopolitical \ndimension, and (vi) the city's international history
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".