Intergenerational Financial Transfers Across Seven Cities in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Intersection of Gender and Proximity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study extends recent research on the relationship between residential proximity and the support older adults receive from their children, by providing a comparative assessment of the association between the location of the nearest child and older adults’ receipt of financial transfers in seven different cities across Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper further examines the extent to which financial transfers are contingent on the gender of the parent and their economic needs. Data (N=9,063) are drawn from the 2000 Survey of Health, Well-Being and Ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean (SABE) collected in seven major cities. The results highlight the importance of co-residence for parents’ receipt of financial transfers. Although increasing distance was negatively associated with receiving support, the city of residence moderated the association between further distance and the receipt of financial support. Older adults in contexts with weak social welfare systems, Mexico City and Havana, were more likely to receive financial support from children far away relative to those residing in stronger welfare contexts such as Montevideo, Buenos Aires, São Paulo, and Bridgetown. Children do respond positively to their parents’ economic vulnerability but this relationship is also contingent on parents’ proximity to their children, city of residence, and gender. Overall, geographic distance appears to be more, or less, important to financial support depending on the strength of social welfare systems that characterize parents’ city of residence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".