Leaf morphology explains the disparity between annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass growth under foliar fertilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On golf courses planted to creeping bentgrass, invasion of annual bluegrass is a constant concern. To analyze if nitrogen fertilization manipulation could bias growth to creeping bentgrass, both grasses were fertilized either through foliar or soil application with either urea or ammonium sulfate and the impact on shoot and root growth measured. Ammonium sulfate resulted in greater overall growth for both species. Foliar application resulted in greater shoot growth for annual bluegrass and soil application resulted in greater root growth for creeping bentgrass. Leaf samples, as well as multiple leaf samples collected from golf courses, were examined microscopically for potential routes for foliar nutrient uptake: stomata and aqueous pores. No statistical difference was observed in the stomatal number between the two species but annual bluegrass possessed more aqueous pores. The enhanced ability of annual bluegrass to benefit from foliar fertilization may aid in its encroachment on highly managed golf greens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".