Soil-Structure-Pipe Interaction Analysis and Inelastic Design of the Port Mann Water Supply Tunnel Shaft and Pipe – Case Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The new Port Mann Water Supply Tunnel in Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada is a 1km long, 60m deep, 2.1m diameter water main constructed under the Fraser River through liquefiable soil. The tunnel, shafts and pipe are designed to withstand ground motions with a 10,000 year return period and continue to deliver water. Non-linear time history analysis of the soils predicts approximately 6m of lateral movement for the design seismic event. Soil-structure interaction analyses indicated conventional design was ineffective for both the shaft and the 60m free-standing steel water pipe within one shaft. A unique hybrid inelastic design was used to enable the steel pipe to realize very high inelastic strains and the concrete shaft to yield to accommodate the soil induced demand. The design required special grades of high ductility steel and innovative details to de-couple the concrete shaft from concrete shoring walls to limit demands on the shaft.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".