'Daring to Ride Skirtless': Anti-Fashion and Emancipation for the British New Woman, 1880-1910
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper articulates the findings of a small-scale historical study that incorporates the use of fashion and material culture.The study sought to explore the role of cycling and divided skirts on the emancipation of women in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Britain.It was found that the donning of divided skirts by some middle class women and the wearing of such skirts while cycling did not have a direct role in women's emancipation in the late Victorian period.However, it was found that those middle class women who cycled with divided skirts were part of an important anti-fashion movement that helped lay a foundation in Britain for the further emancipation of women.This finding is important to our understanding of this time period as it is an example of the critical role that fashion and material culture played in the evolution of women's emancipation.The study of fashion and material culture has a great deal to tell historians about the peoples who lived and the societies which existed before us.Thus, to reveal rich and full understandings of the past, it behooves historians to research and analyze fashion practices and signals as well as the material culture embedded within fashion systems.In an attempt to conduct a small-scale historical study that incorporates the use of fashion and material culture, I sought to explore the role of cycling and divided skirts on the emancipation of women in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Britain.In exploring this subject matter, I analyzed many articles, books, and Punch comics.Overall, the donning of divided skirts by some middle class women and the wearing of such skirts while cycling did not have a direct role in women's emancipation in the late Victorian period.However, it was found that those middle class women who cycled with divided skirts were part of an important anti-fashion movement that helped lay a foundation in Britain for the further emancipation of women.The wearing of divided skirts while cycling were changes that challenged the status quo and opened the way for further gender role changes, dress reform, and the further mobility and incursion of women in public spaces and ultimately public life.This finding is important to our
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".