Maturation of bone-conduction transcranial and forehead attenuation using a measure of sound pressure in the ear canal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although it is understood that bone-conduction (BC) hearing is different between infants and adults, few studies have attempted to explain why these differences exist. The main objective in this study was to better understand how properties of the developing skull contribute to the maturation of BC sensitivity through an indirect measurement of BC attenuation across the skull. DESIGN: Estimation of transcranial and forehead attenuation of pure-tone BC stimuli was conducted using sound pressure in the ear canal for a transducer placed on the skull ipsi- and contralateral to the probe ear and at the forehead. STUDY SAMPLE: Seventy-six individuals participated in the study, including 59 infants and children (1 month-7 years) and 17 adults. RESULTS: BC attenuation was greatest for young infants, and decreased throughout maturation. Attenuation from the forehead to the ipsilateral temporal bone was also greater compared to the transcranial measures for infants and children older than 10 months. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that physical maturation of the skull contributes to infant-adult differences in BC attenuation. Clinicians may consider these results, in combination with previous studies using physiological measures, when fitting infants and young children with bone-anchored hearing systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".