Glacio-marine clay resistivity as a proxy for remoulded shear strength: correlations and limitations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In geotechnical engineering in Norway, Sweden and Canada the presence of sensitive and/or quick clays poses a major challenge. Formation of these clays involves the leaching of salt from the pore fluid. Thus it has been recognized that electrical resistivity measurements could be useful in delineating leached and unleached clays. This paper seeks to assess the applicability, repeatability and reliability of the various geophysical techniques in the study of sensitive clays. It also attempts to understand the factors that control the measured resistivity and in particular to determine the limitations of directly obtaining the remoulded shear strength from the resistivity measurements. It was found that borehole, surface and airborne resistivity measurements are accurate and compatible. For the 30 Norwegian sites studied it was found that resistivity is primarily defined by the porewater salt content, with minor additional influence by clay content and plasticity, and porosity. A relationship exists between resistivity and remoulded shear strength but this is limited to material deeper than the dry crust and a surface weathering zone of about 7.5 m thickness. High resistivity (>10 Ω m) may indicate quick or weathered clay but low resistivity (<10 Ω m) conclusively points to stable, unleached clay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".