Rapid: a multimodal and device-free approach using noise estimation for robust person identification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Device-free human sensing is a key technology to support many applications like indoor navigation and activity recognition. By exploiting WiFi signals reflected by humans, there have been many WiFi-based device-free human sensing applications. Among these applications, person identification is a fundamental technology to enable user-specific services. In this paper, we present Rapid, a system that can perform robust person identification in a device-free and low-cost manner, using fine-grained channel information (i.e., CSI) of WiFi and acoustic information from footstep sound. In order to achieve high accuracy in real-life scenarios with both system and environment noise, we perform noise estimation and include two different confidence values to quantify the impact of noise to both CSI and acoustic measurements. Based on an accurate gait analysis, we then adaptively fuse CSI and acoustic measurements to achieve robust person identification. We implement low-cost Rapid nodes and evaluate our system using experiments at multiple locations with a total of 1800 gait instances from 20 volunteers, and the results show that Rapid identifies a subject with an average accuracy of 92% to 82% from a group of 2 to 6 subjects, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".