Development of Visual Feedback Training Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Balance Rehabilitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries (iSCI) often experience impairments in motor control of lower-limb muscles, causing a lack of balance when standing. These individuals are usually heavily dependent on others, reducing their self-sufficiency and quality of life. Our previous study has shown that visual feedback training (VFT) of tracking an individual’s center of pressure (COP) can improve balance stability of those with iSCI (1). Another of our previous studies demonstrated that functional electrical stimulation (FES) augments therapeutic effects in general (2-8). Thus, VFT in combination with FES is hypothesized to improve the standing balance ability of individuals with iSCI more effectively than a VFT or FES system. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel therapeutic system by combining VFT with FES. We developed this system by utilizing LabVIEW (17.0, National Instruments Corp., Austin, USA). The system hardware consisted of a force plate, an electrical stimulator, and a computer. The COP was calculated using the force plate signals, which was displayed in the monitor in front of the participant. We developed four COP-based games, each forcing the participant to shift their COP in various movement patterns. FES will provide electrical stimulation to participant plantarflexors and dorsiflexors to assist with movements, in which stimulus intensity will be modulated through a proportionalderivative (PD) feedback controller that mimics the physiological control system for standing (9,10). In this study, we tested the practicality of our VFT games with seven able-bodied participants (age 19-24 years). Each participant performed a balance assessment before playing the VFT games to determine their balance ability. Our focus was on developing effective VFT games and assessing each participant’s balance ability against their VFT game scores. Three out of four games showed a significant bivariate correlation between balance ability and VFT scores (r > 0.754 for n=7), indicating that the games were appropriately designed. The validity of the FES controller was demonstrated in another study to be effective. The parameters of the PD controller were optimized so that the stimulation intensity would match the natural muscle contraction of the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors, acquired through electromyography (EMG) signals. It is expected that rehabilitation combining VFT with FES will improve static and dynamic balance stability in a more effective way than isolated therapy techniques. Since this study has shown the validity of our VFT games, we would like to integrate the VFT and FES systems and run clinical trials on patients with iSCI, with the goal of improving their balance ability in the future. Through visual feedback training, the brain improves spatial awareness by visualizing their body displacement and orientation. Applying stimulation to the muscles re-trains the central nervous system and, over time, allows patients with iSCI to partially regain motor control. Thus, the proposed system will help individuals with iSCI improve their balance ability and increase their quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".