Stimulation pattern independent and dependent release of vasodilators during skeletal muscle contraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine if the vasodilators produced during contraction are dependent on stimulation parameters we stimulated 4–5 muscle fibers (for 2 min, 250ms train duration) in an anesthetized hamster cremaster in situ and measured changes in diameter of arterioles (max diameter ≅40um) at the site overlap with stimulated muscle fibers. Muscle was stimulated at contraction frequencies of 6, 12 or 60 contractions per minute (CPM)(stimulus frequency 20Hz) or stimulus frequencies of 4, 20 or 40Hz (contraction frequency 12CPM) in the absence and presence of a K ATP channel inhibitor glybenclamide (Gly, 10 −5 M) or an adenosine receptor antagonist xanthine amine congener (XAC, 10 −6 M). Data is expressed as % decrease from control at 120sec. Both Gly and XAC significantly inhibited dilations at all contraction frequencies (for 6, 12 and 60CPM respectively: for Gly: 114.6+2.5%, 93.9+2.6% and 48.2+7.3%; for XAC: 142.8+8%, 102.3+1.9% and 70.1+1.9%) where the magnitude of the inhibitions decreased as contraction frequency increased. Both Gly and XAC significantly inhibited dilations at all stimulus frequencies (for 4, 20 and 40Hz respectively: for Gly: 101.3+2.5%, 93.9+ 2.6%, and 100.2+ 1.1%; for XAC: 147.4+12%, 102.3+1.9%, and 53.7+ 4.3%) but the magnitude of the inhibitions were not significantly different from each other with Gly but were significantly different from each other with XAC. Therefore the amount of K ATP channel activation during skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on contraction frequency but independent of stimulus frequency. The release of adenosine is dependent on both stimulus and contraction frequency. Supported by NSERC and PREA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".