Developing and actualizing a multifaceted approach to fighting corruption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: to analyze the main practices of corruption counteraction in the modern society with a view of elaborating the key directions of such counteraction.Methods: dialectic method of cognition and general scientific methods based on it (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction). Results: the work presents the basic models of corruption counteraction in the modern society. The phenomenon of corruption is frequently discussed and debated in a variety of contexts. Corruption is often difficult to identify, as it occurs in secret, away from the public eye and records. Moreover, anti-corruption measures repeatedly fail, in part because corruption is a multifaceted social phenomenon that penetrates horizontally and vertically through many areas of society. Despite a high degree of informality within many industries and the prevalence of corrupt practices, most anti-corruption efforts have so far involved reforming the formal legal rules. However, the discussion of formal rules and institutions cannot be neatly divorced from the examination of informal norms and vice versa . These two spheres of norms and rules operate side by side, each dependent on the other. Hence, any conversation about reform has to include discussions of both formal and informal rules and institutions and the intersection between the two. It is also crucial to examine the fora where informal rules and norms are practiced, enforced and replicated. Part of this examination revolves around so-called organizational or corporate culture. In order to start overcoming the formal laws vs. informal rules divide, government regulators have to work with industry professionals, labour groups and consumers when designing various industry and health and safety regulations. This partnership, if it were to be a true one, would improve the likelihood of compliance and reduce opportunities for corrupt practices. Ultimately, any meaningful anti-corruption reform will have to address not only the intertwined nature of formal and informal rules and norms prevalent in society, but also the common lack of anti-corruption ethos prevalent among all societal actors. Scientific novelty: main models of corruption counteraction are described on the basis of the analysis of the available literature sources; measures for optimal corruption counteraction are proposed.Practical significance: conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific, law-making and law-enforcement activities, in the educational process of higher educational establishments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.024 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".