From the History of Byzantine Servile Aristocracy: Chalkoutzes Family in the 10th–11th Centuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the genus Chalkoutzes, whose representatives occupied a strong position in the Byzantine aristocracy during the 10 th -11 th centuries.The author, analyzing documentary, narrative and data of lead seals, presents data on more than twenty five representatives of the genus.In the early period, the second half of 10 th -the beginning of the 11 th centuries, members of the family served mainly in the armed forces.In particular, according to historical writings, Nikitas (10 th c.) and Leo (the second quarter of 11 th c.) was strategos.However most of currently known members of the genus were civilian officials.Information about them is contained in sphragistic sources and legal acts.Apparently, the flowering of Chalkoutzes as a civil aristocratic clan falls in the middle -the second half of the 11 th century.Most members of the family were tax officials, serving in the state treasury (sakellion) and performed judicial duties, both in the capital and in the provinces.Some of them held positions in institutions, which was responsible for the logistic support of the army (logothesion ton agelon, logothesion tou stratiotikou).In the last third of the 11 th century Chalkoutzes were a strong "bureaucratic clan", occupying positions in several departments at the same time.This is clearly demonstrated by the acts of the monastery of St. John the Theologian on the Patmos island by 1087-1088 years: among all the officials, mentioned in the documents, three belong to the Chalkoutzes family.However after 1088 this family disappeared for more than a century from sources.At the turn of the 12 th -13 th centuries Chalkoutzes were large landowners in Euboea island and Hellas and, most likely, after 1204 lost their possessions and status.Several members of the genus, known from sources of the 13 th -15 th centuries, were mainly representatives of the clergy of lower rank.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".