Self-buffered pH at carbon surfaces in aqueous supercapacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a unique strategy aiming at extending the operational voltage range in supercapacitor working in the neutral aqueous electrolyte. In-depth analysis of the equilibria formed at the carbon/electrolyte interface gives the possibility to reach 1.8 V with excellent reversibility during cycling. To reach the goal, the donor -acceptor nature of carbon electrode surface has been taken into consideration. Controlled oxidation of electrode materials coupled with ammonia adsorption have been realized in order to adjust the optimal equilibrium conditions. Nitric acid oxidation of carbon leads to the formation of electrochemically active acidic sites promoting adsorption of ammonia. Modification with ammonia results in the introduction of self-controlled pH gradient within the capacitor system and formation of protective layer on electrodes, responsible for higher overpotentials of solvent decomposition. This, in turn, allows capacitor operation at higher voltages. Furthermore, this configuration eliminates the need for physical separation of ions (such as an ion-exchange membrane) to decelerate their mixing and improves the power density of the device.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".