Impact of Alternaria spp. and Alternaria Toxins on Quality of Spelt Wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is an increasing consumer demand for alternative cereals nowadays. Spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. Spelta) appears to be a future source for the agriculture and food sector. Alternaria spp. infections might become a serious danger to the worldwide grain industry, resulting in yield losses and reduction of end-use quality, with potential harmful effect of Alternaria toxins on human and animal health. This paper presents the first assessment of the impact of Alternaria infection and its toxins to quality of spelt wheat. The results showed that fungal contamination significantly reduced both trade and technological quality parameters. Volume weight, thousand kernel weight and wet gluten were significantly decreased, while protein content was significantly higher in Alternaria inoculated treatments. Although with slight decrease, falling number was not significantly affected by fungal contamination. The most negative impact of alternariol (AOH) was registered on volume weight and thousand kernel weight (-0.847; -0.898), while highly significant positive correlation was found between AOH and protein content (0.758). Alternaria spp. additionally destroyed spelt gluten structure, resulting in reduction of dough energy and baking quality with no significant influence of mycotoxins (AOH and AME) on technological quality parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".