Effect of relative spacing on wake turbulence under wave-current flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an experimental study carried out in a laboratory flume to investigate the interaction of a surface wave with a unidirectional current over submerged tandem (bed mounted two in-line) hemispheres. The pitch-to-height ratio of the hemispheres was varied to spawn d-type (L/d = 2), intermediate (L/d = 4), and k-type (L/d = 8) relative spacing. The observations are focused on the changes induced in the mean velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds shear stress, and the frictional contributions of burst-sweep cycle to shear stress due to superposition of surface waves on the ambient flow. The consequences from the present experiment showed that the stream-wise velocity fluctuation follows the normal Gaussian distribution at upstream of hemispheres. Further, the joint probability density function showed that the superimposed surface waves on the current are capable of modulating the turbulent eddies with a larger band of energy and frequency spectrum compared to current-only flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".