Studies on Combustion Characteristics of Two Interacting Coal Particles at Different Separation Distance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To understand the interactions of coal particles on devolatilization, volatile burning, and char combustion, the combustion characteristics of two interacting equal-sized coal particles placed in the upstream and downstream configuration in a hot laminar flow are numerically investigated. A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed based on the wall surface reaction theory in the commercial software FLUENT. The numerical results show that the particle interaction has different effects on the coal ignition time and combustion characteristics of the upstream and downstream particles. The upstream coal particle undergoes a faster temperature rise, earlier coal devolatilization, and faster char burnout than the downstream one. With increasing the particle separation distance within a certain range, the temperature rise, coal devolatilization, and char combustion processes are further enhanced and weakened for the upstream particle and the downstream particle, respectively. There exists a critical particle separation distance beyond which the combustion processes of the two particles are similar to those of a single particle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".