“Star” morphologies of charged nanodrops comprised of conformational isomers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the spatial distribution of conformational isomers surrounding a central macroion in a charged droplet with linear dimensions in the nanometer range. Dimethyl carbonate and formic acid are selected as typical solvents that undergo isomerization and a charged buckyball (C60) is selected as a representative example of a macroion. The study is performed by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We find that when the charge of the buckyball is above a threshold value, it induces the formation of concentric shells of different conformational isomers surrounding the macroion. The presence of layers with different dielectric properties necessitates the use of different state equations for the solvent polarization in each layer. We find that at a high charge state of the buckyball, the nearest layer to the macroion comprises the conformers with the highest dipole moment. The interface of the outer layers of conformers is characterized by “ray”-forming structures of the higher dielectric constant isomers penetrating into the layer of the lowest dielectric constant isomers. For high values of the solvent dielectric constant, the charged droplet acquires a “star”-like global shape. We demonstrate that these distinct droplet structures are a manifestation of charge-induced instability. We describe this simulation-based phenomenology by an analytical theory that supports this conclusion. The findings suggest new experimental research venues that may explore the reactivity and assembly of molecules within regions of different dielectric properties in droplets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".