Global-scale observations of ionospheric convection during geomagnetic storms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[1] The global effects on the ionosphere during periods of intense geomagnetic activity associated with geomagnetic storms are investigated using the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). The influence of the main and recovery phases of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric properties such as backscatter occurrence rates, velocity distributions, and convection patterns are presented. The evolution of magnetosphere and ionosphere parameters during the storms did not depend on the origin of the storm (e.g., a coronal mass ejection or a corotating interaction region). Instead, there was a continuum of response to the intensity of the driver. For example, we found a clear relationship between the most negative value of the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) and the most negative value of the Sym-H index, which marks the end of the main phase of a storm. This is one of the first superposed epoch studies that analyzes the sunward/antisunward line-of-sight velocity as a function of magnetic local time for geomagnetic storms of various intensities. In the noon sector, before and during the main phase of the storms, the SuperDARN radars recorded faster antisunward ionospheric plasma drifts together with a significant increase in the number of ionospheric echoes. This is consistent with the expected increase in soft particle precipitation in the noon sector and with the reconnection electric field that occurs when the IMF Bz is strongly negative, as is the case during the main phase of storms. The SuperDARN echo occurrence in the noon sector returned to prestorm values early in the recovery phase. The overall response was similar in the midnight sector, except that the peak echo occurrence for the most intense storms was limited to a narrower time interval centered on the end of the main phase. There were reductions in the strong antisunward flows near local midnight observed during the main phase and early in the recovery phase, particularly for the intense storm class. Strong electric fields are applied in the nightside ionosphere during storms, and the decameter structures from which SuperDARN scatter are more easily produced. However, in regions of energetic auroral precipitation and after a long exposure to strong electric fields, there is often a reduction in SuperDARN echoes due to absorption or changes in radio wave propagation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".