Radio haloes in nearby galaxies modelled with 1D cosmic ray transport using spinnaker
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>We present radio continuum maps of 12 nearby (D ≤ 27 Mpc), edge-on (i ≥ 76?), latetypespiral galaxies mostly at 1.4 and 5 GHz, observed with the Australia Telescope CompactArray, Very LargeArray, Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, Effelsberg 100-m, and Parkes64-m telescopes. All galaxies show clear evidence of radio haloes, including the first detectionin the Magellanic-type galaxy NGC 55. In 11 galaxies, we find a thin and a thick discthat can be better fitted by exponential rather than Gaussian functions. We fit our SPINNAKER(SPectral INdex Numerical Analysis of K(c)osmic-ray Electron Radio-emission) 1D cosmicray transport models to the vertical model profiles of the non-thermal intensity and to thenon-thermal radio spectral index in the halo. We simultaneously fit for the advection speed (ordiffusion coefficient) and magnetic field scale height. In the thick disc, the magnetic field scaleheights range from 2 to 8 kpc with an average across the sample of 3.0 ± 1.7 kpc; they showno correlation with either star formation rate (SFR), SFR surface density (Σ SFR), or rotationspeed (V<sub>rot</sub>). The advection speeds range from 100 to 700 km s<sup>-1</sup> and display correlations ofV α SFR<sup>0.36±0.06</sup> and V α Σ<sup>0.39±0.09</sup> <sub>SFR</sub>; they agree remarkably well with the escape velocities(0.5 ≤ V/Vesc ≤ 2), which can be explained by cosmic ray-driven winds. Radio haloes showthe presence of disc winds in galaxies with Σ<sub>SFR</sub> &gt; 10<sup>-3</sup>Mo˙yr<sup>-1</sup> kpc<sup>-2</sup> that extend overseveral kpc and are driven by processes related to the distributed star formation in the disc.</p>
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".