MIPAS observations of ozone in the middle atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. In this paper we describe the stratospheric and mesospheric ozone (version V5r_O3_m22) distributions retrieved from MIPAS observations in the three middle atmosphere modes (MA, NLC, and UA) taken with an unapodized spectral resolution of 0.0625 cm−1 from 2005 until April 2012. O3 is retrieved from microwindows in the 14.8 and 10 µm spectral regions and requires non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) modelling of the O3 v1 and v3 vibrational levels. Ozone is reliably retrieved from 20 km in the MA mode (40 km for UA and NLC) up to ∼ 105 km during dark conditions and up to ∼ 95 km during illuminated conditions. Daytime MIPAS O3 has an average vertical resolution of 3–4 km below 70 km, 6–8 km at 70–80 km, 8–10 km at 80–90, and 5–7 km at the secondary maximum (90–100 km). For nighttime conditions, the vertical resolution is similar below 70 km and better in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere: 4–6 km at 70–100 km, 4–5 km at the secondary maximum, and 6–8 km at 100–105 km. The noise error for daytime conditions is typically smaller than 2 % below 50 km, 2–10 % between 50 and 70 km, 10–20 % at 70–90 km, and ∼ 30 % above 95 km. For nighttime, the noise errors are very similar below around 70 km but significantly smaller above, being 10–20 % at 75–95 km, 20–30 % at 95–100 km, and larger than 30 % above 100 km. The additional major O3 errors are the spectroscopic data uncertainties below 50 km (10–12 %) and the non-LTE and temperature errors above 70 km. The validation performed suggests that the spectroscopic errors below 50 km, mainly caused by the O3 air-broadened half-widths of the v2 band, are overestimated. The non-LTE error (including the uncertainty of atomic oxygen in nighttime) is relevant only above ∼ 85 km with values of 15–20 %. The temperature error varies from ∼ 3 % up to 80 km to 15–20 % near 100 km. Between 50 and 70 km, the pointing and spectroscopic errors are the dominant uncertainties. The validation performed in comparisons with SABER, GOMOS, MLS, SMILES, and ACE-FTS shows that MIPAS O3 has an accuracy better than 5 % at and below 50 km, with a positive bias of a few percent. In the 50–75 km region, MIPAS O3 has a positive bias of ≈ 10 %, which is possibly caused in part by O3 spectroscopic errors in the 10 µm region. Between 75 and 90 km, MIPAS nighttime O3 is in agreement with other instruments by 10 %, but for daytime the agreement is slightly larger, ∼ 10–20 %. Above 90 km, MIPAS daytime O3 is in agreement with other instruments by 10 %. At night, however, it shows a positive bias increasing from 10 % at 90 km to 20 % at 95–100 km, the latter of which is attributed to the large atomic oxygen abundance used. We also present MIPAS O3 distributions as function of altitude, latitude, and time, showing the major O3 features in the middle and upper mesosphere. In addition to the rapid diurnal variation due to photochemistry, the data also show apparent signatures of the diurnal migrating tide during both day- and nighttime, as well as the effects of the semi-annual oscillation above ∼ 70 km in the tropics and mid-latitudes. The tropical daytime O3 at 90 km shows a solar signature in phase with the solar cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".